795.00/5-2352
Memorandum of Conversation, by the Ambassador in Korea (Muccio) 註01
confidential
[Pusan, May 23, 1952?] 註02
Participants: President Rhee, Ambassador J. J. Muccio and E. Allan Lightner.
I called on President Rhee on May 23 to tell him that I had been requested by the Department of State to return for consultation, that I was leaving with the Meyer Mission on the 24th,
註03 that I expected to be gone 10 days or two weeks and that Mr. Lightner would be in charge of the Embassy in my absence. I mentioned that there were a good many matters which I wanted to discuss in the Department relating to future decisions in Korea and that I had not been home for a year and a half and that I thought the trip would be most beneficial. I asked him if he had any suggestions as to things that I might discuss in Washington.
The President replied that he thought it was a very good idea for me to be going home at this time as he hoped I could explain to President Truman the Korean position on various problems. He said he had a very high regard for President Truman who had saved the situation in Korea on at least two occasions, the first time in 1947 in his strong anti-Communist statement and the second time at the time of the Communist Attack in 1950. President Rhee was hopeful that President Truman realized now the futility of negotiating with the Communists and that he would remain firm in the discussions at Panmunjom. I commented that I thought there could be no doubt about the U.S. position at Panmunjom remaining firm, that this had been made crystal clear during the past six weeks and furthermore I believed the record of the long negotiations disproved President Rhee’s earlier fears that the UN delegation might be weak. Rhee admitted that the UN delegation had been firm up to now and he was hopeful that with President Trunjan’s support it would remain that way.
Rhee went on to say that after the luncheon today he had talked with Mr. Meyer and Finance Minister Paek; that he was glad their negotiations had been successful and he had authorized Paek to sign the documents. He said there was one point the Korean Government wanted to make, which was not necessary to be in writing in the agreement or in an exchange of correspondence, but which he wanted to make clear: this was that the present arrangements in no way constituted a settlement of the money that was still due the ROK Government as a result of the UN won drawings. I assured the President that this point was implicit in the arrangements and was fully understood on the US side. The President went on for some time to explain the importance, in fact the necessity, of receiving payment for the full amount due at an early date. He said that if President Truman would give the word this could be done in a moment and he hoped that I would explain the Korean side of the case to the President. His arguments were somewhat confusing and involved. He referred to the importance of a currency conversion and the need to back up the new currency by a substantial dollar fund. This fund could only come from the remaining amount due to the ROK from the UN won drawings. I reminded the President that the necessity at a later stage of a currency conversion was understood and accepted by the United States but that it could not come until the present inflationary situation had been checked and present efforts were being directed toward achieving the first goal. In the meantime the funds the President was counting on remained as a nest egg, so to speak, and we could talk about a settlement at a later date after the inflation was under control. The President never seemed to get this point because he came back again and again to the urgency of the transfer of this amount of money to the ROK as a means of getting industry, trade and commerce and economic activities in every field going again. This he said could not be really gotten under way until the currency conversion, with the accompanying dollar backing needed to restore confidence. He made some further suggestions showing how fixed an obsession the acquisition of these funds had become with him. For example he suggested that if it were not possible to transfer the funds already put aside, they might be taken from the funds already appropriated for the supply of relief goods to Korea. I again mentioned the importance of tackling the inflationary problem and my belief that until that was in hand it was premature to suggest a currency conversion or the transfer of the balance of the funds that might be due the ROK.
I told the President there was one matter that disturbed me lately and that I wanted to inform him about. It had come to me that irresponsible elements had been circulating rumors to the effect that I and members of my staff were opposed to his re-election as President and otherwise taking a partisan interest in the present complicated internal political situation. The President replied that he had not heard any such rumors and would not believe them if he had. However, he would like to make his position clear. He had only a few more years to live. He had no particular desire to continue as President. There were many things which he wanted to do for his country which he had been unable to do and he was not unrealistic enough to believe that time would be available for accomplishing these goals. On the other hand, a group of Koreans who were not interested in the people’s welfare, were bent on seeking power for themselves. He could not permit this to come about and would do everything possible to prevent it. He would not leave office until this matter was clarified. The only way to make sure that the people’s will was followed was to create a bicameral legislature and to establish a system for the direct election of the President. These objectives he simply had to accomplish before leaving office. He referred to the factionalism which had played havoc with the provisional Korean Government in Shanghai before the liberation. He said that there were still many factions in Korean politics which were now united more or less as one group to oppose him. If he left office these groups would no longer hold together and the struggle that would go on between the factions would be disastrous for Korea and for Korean unity.
He said I could be sure that law and order would be preserved. He referred to the recent demonstrations and to a group that had waited on him that very morning. He had told them when called out to the gate to speak to them that the people’s will must be made known and that if they wished to demonstrate against him or against any member of the Government or against the National Assembly that was their right as members of the democratic community. However, they must not resort to violence. Rhee went on to explain that this was his position with respect to the demonstrations and that I could be sure that no violence would be resorted to. I told him that I was fearful that other elements, including the Communists, would use the present tense situation for their own purposes and that this was already apparent since various hoodlums had resorted to violence. The President said that he realized this was the case and that as a matter of fact he had just talked to the Minister of Defense who had urged him to proclaim martial law in the Tongnae area and in two other neighboring districts. The President said that he had approved and had also asked the Defense Minister to include Pusan itself in the areas to be put under martial law. He again assured me that he had the situation well in hand and that the corrupt, venal and unpatriotic elements who were responsible for the situation would be prevented from accomplishing their fell purposes. He added that he could not even trust the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who had fallen under the influence of the anti-Nationalists (evidently referring to the release of So Min-ho),
註04 and that he was going to have to take action against him.
- 註04
- So Min-ho, a leading independent member of the National Assembly and a critic of the Rhee administration, shot a ROK army captain on Apr. 24, 1952. Claiming he had acted in self-defense, So Min-ho gave himself up the next day and was brought to Pusan district court to stand trial for murder. On May 14, in accordance with Article 49 of the ROK Constitution, the National Assembly had So Min-ho released from detention so he could attend meetings of the Assembly. Rhee’s supporters claimed that the Assembly had released illegally a murderer; in fact, So’s trial began on May 22. For further information on the trial, see UN document A/2187, pp. 6, 18-19, and 36-38.
My only reply to this outburst was to remind the President that the eyes of the whole world were on Korea and that it would be most unfortunate for Korea if internal developments here were of a nature to reflect seriously on its leaders since this could only discredit the ROK in the eyes of the free world.
註05