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보/고/서

ATIS INTERROGATION REPORT NO. 4352

FIELD REPORT (ADVATIS 0064)　24 October 1950

PW was of average intelligence but very cooperative. Reliability fair.

Born in KOREA but entered MANCHURIA as a child with his parents.

1940: Joined parents in MUTAN CHIANO (牡丹江), MANCHURIA. Home address NISHI-KU, NISHIBOTAN GAI (西區西牡丹街). Parents operated a general store (cosmetics, drugs, pencils, etc.)

Aug 43: PW worked as clerk in the Peoples Registration Bureau (民精䏜(局)) of the MUTAN CHLANG City Hall.

Aug 45: End of Jap Govt.

Sep 45: Home bombed and PW moved to NAKA-KU HEIAN GAI (中區平安洐). After losing his job in city hall PW sold papers and pencils in the open market with parent and brother.

Feb 48: Started for KOREA.

22 Feb 48: Crossed border at TUMEN (圖們).

Jul 48: Settled in SEOUL.

PW had a difficult time, called a Jap collaborator by his neighbors.

MUTAN CHIANG to MUKDEN RR line is now single tracked as the Russian took one line back to RUSSIA with them. Within the city, no automobiles or buses are seen anymore. Principle method of transportation are horse carts and bicycle rickshas. Manpower is being used quite extensively to transport freight and people. Trucks seen here all belong to the military. Trucks are mostly Japanese Army trucks and some old Ford 36-37s. No streetcars.

Telephone:

The former Japanese telephone and telegraph bureau was taken over and used. The former dial system was discontinued and all calls are made through the central switchboard. Only government officials, military, and factories have telephone. No public phone booths are to be seen. Number of telephones is unknown but it is only fraction of the number used formerly.

Broadcasting:

One station here, broadcasting in MANCHURIA.

Radio:

SEOUL can be heard on a 4-tube radio. People caught listening to the SEOUL radio have their radio taken away. Radios are being sold on the blackmarket but not many people are willing to buy them.

Postal:

￥40 for letter sent to all under CCF control.

￥50 to N KOREA.

Every letter was censored. Words were painted over with ink to be deleted. Each letter had the seal of the censor on it.

MUTAN CHIANG 1940-1948

SOCIOLOGICAL:

Population: 1945-200,000

55% Manchurians

20% Japanese

25% Korean

Very few White Russians

1948-100,000

90% Manchurian

10% Korean

No Russian

About 200 Japanese

Many (80%) of the Korean population moved out of this city. Many Manchurians and Koreans, however, moved into this city from the north. Most were those who had worked for or with the Japanese and had to flee south.

Housing:

There were many military and company buildings left vacant by the Japanese and evacuating Koreans and Manchurians. These buildings were ravaged and looted and in most cases, only the shells were left. There were no restrictions in moving into these buildings as long as the Block office was notified. In many cases the windows were broken and the floor boards and tatami taken away so a complete refurnishing was necessary.

Therefore, when moving into an already furnished room, a “repair” fee had to be paid to the vacating owner. This paying of a “repair” fee was frowned on by the government so it was done by secret agreement. The central heating systems did not operate except in Government buildings.

Newspaper:

Three newspapers:

People Press (人民新報) - Korean

MUTAN CHIANG Daily (牡丹江日報) - Manchurian

TUNGPEI Daily (東北日報) - Manchurian

The Korean newspaper was being published by an individual but rumors were that the Poor Man’s Association (貧民會) would take it over and run it as their official organ.

Travel Control:

No travel pass needed to travel from one part of the city to another. Travel orders were needed however to get out of the city, and if one was able to get out, a travel order was needed to enter another town, or even back into his own city.

Travel orders were obtained at the Public Safety Bureau (公安局) of the Police station. For simple, short distance travel, the pass was given on the spot but for week long trips, a statement had to be submitted a day before. On each pass were found the following:

1. Name

2. Date of birth

3. Home address

4. Reason for travel

5. Period absence

6. Destination (City or area name)

7. Photo and fingerprint

In order to get this travel order, a statement signed by the local block leader had to be submitted. This travel order had to be presented when getting RR tickets. If one fails to get back within the allotted time and investigation was conducted and disciplinary action taken. After returning, the travel order was turned in to the police station.

When PW tried to leave MANCHURIA, it took two months to get the permit. A statement was given from the hospital (from a doctor who was relative) stating that PW farther was ill and unless he went to KOREA he would not have a chance to live. PW went to the Public Safety Bureau everyday to ask about the travel order.

Manchurian Blackmarket Area:

Found on the sidewalks, and alleys between HIGASHI NICHO RO (東二條路) and HIGASHI GOCHO RO (東五條路) on the W and E; SHINRITTONGAI (新立屯街) and NISHI CHO AN GAI (西長安街) on the S and N.

An open area was found here where all the Manchurians converged to buy and sell in the open market. Many open stalls were found serving food and drinks. Almost anything can be obtained here for a price. This area was popular before 1945 but the difference now is in the prices. Area is crowded from 0500 until 1900, but most of all during the mornings. No money exchanging.

Korean Blackmarket Area:

A 100m x 100m area between NISHI BOTANGAI (西牡丹街) and the old Russian RR line. This was on the S and N and NISHI YONJO RO (西四條路) and NISHI SANJO RO (西三條路) on the W and E.

The area was lined with small open stalls with narrow alleys between them. Prices and products found here were almost same as the Manchurian blackmarket area. A license was needed to open a stall here. PW and relatives had a stall selling paper and pencils and notebooks. These were bought mostly by school pupils.

Curfew:

Started as soon as CCF took over. People had to be off the streets from 2200 hours until 0500. From Oct to Feb the hour was set 2300 until 0600.

People caught on the streets late were searched, questioned, scolded and sent home. Some found drunk, however, were beaten up and locked up for a few days. As the people enforcing curfew were civilians, treatment was not rough. Not many people broke curfew.

Religion:

No priests were here as they had all been driven out of the city. Churches were kept open at all times for individuals who wish to worship but attendance was almost nil. The structures were in a state of disrepair as no one would dare to seen taking care of them. The pianos and organs were taken to the school.

The above was the same for the Buddhist temples or any church. No known cases of vandalism in the churches.

Schools:

Manchurian - 5 primary schools, 1 middle school

Korean - 3 primary schools, 1 middle school

Educational standard has fallen considerably, especially in the level of the teacher. Korean textbooks were printed but the text was brought here from N KOREA.

Ratio of teachers to pupils was about 60 pupils to a teacher. A shortage of paper and pencils existed. The quality of paper was so poor that some of the Korean-schools were importing North Korean paper.

The Korean schools did not receive much funds from the government. In 1947, PW’s sister “contributed” ￥500 for repair of the school. These too poor were assessed ￥250 or so. The Manchurian schools seemed to receive ample funds for repairs.

Movies:

Two large theatres here: SHINAN Theatre

TOAN Theatre

Each with a capacity of about 3,000, though hardly ever half filled. Admission ￥200, children ￥100. Fee same night as day. Feature was changed weekly. 7 out of 10 movies were in Russian. No interpreters nor Manchurian or Korean translation written on the side. No translate pamphlets are available to be read before seeing the movies.

When Manchurian Movies were shown, the theatre becomes as much as 2/3 filled. Attendance of the movie limited to those who are free during the daytime as the last feature was at 1900 hours. Many students seen. Family groups do not go.

Only one Korean movie came here from N KOREA-“DEMOCRATIC KOREA” (民主朝鮮). New features are hardly ever shown. The theatre is filthy, smelly, and not ventilated.

Entertainment:

The Red Light Districts as known during pre-1945-46 days are gone forever. All transactions now carried on are with individual bar maids and street walkers.

The Manchurians are usually found in the area within and on the fringe of the Manchurian “Open Market” Area in MINAMI (south) Ward (南區). Brightly painted and garbed girls are found in front of small wooden shacks. No “houses” dealing are allowed to exist. Hotels do not accommodate pairs.

A Korean “drinking” area was found in the alleys and by way along the SHINAN GAI (新安街) between NISHI YUN JO RO (西四條路) and NISHI NI TO RO (西二條路). Where previously it was possible to find 5-6 bar girls, there are now only 2-3 girls to serve drinks, etc.

Hospitals and Medical:

Two Large Civil Hospitals: MUTAN CHIANG City Hospital

PEOPLES Hospital (Koreans)

All medical supplies were those left by the evacuating Japanese Forces. Individual doctors were allowed to operate a small hospital of their own. All medicines not acquired at the hospital were purchased at the free market at exorbitant prices due to shortages.

Prevalent disease: Eruptive Typhus, Typhoid Fever.

Diphtheria and Typhoid vaccination was done free of charge in 1947 to anyone who wanted it.

Fire Station (City):

This was the site used by the Manchurian Govt. Formerly (1945) 5-6 red fire trucks were found here but these were burned up, wrecked, or taken away. One or two old trucks are now in working order. Three hand pumps, pulled by manpower were being used also. The military seemed to be handling the fire fighting angle as the uniforms worn were all military uniform.

Government and Administration:

MUTAN CHIANG City was broken up into five wards (區):

KAKA Ward (中區)

MINAMI Ward (南區)

KITA Ward (北區)

NISHI Ward (西區)

HIGASHI Ward (東區)

Each ward was broken up by street (街) which ran east-west through the ward. Each street was cut up into a block, or a group of blocks and called a Group (組). Each Group had about 5 units (班). Each Unit consisted of about 10 families.

MUTAN CHILANG Govt (as of Feb 48):

City Head - Manchurian

Heard to have been an official of the 8th Route Army.

Mayor Dec 46 to present.

Vice Mayor - 1946 to Dec 47

KIM, Tong Yol (金東烈)

Korean

Age 56

Was deposed as Vice-Mayor and subjected to a “Peoples Trial” (淸箕) and almost beaten to death in Dec 47. KIM was a land owner and part owner of some coal mining company but had disposed of his holdings by giving them away before 1946. KIM, however, had holdings amounting to ￥200,000 and also was imprisoned for about 2 months after which time he was released. KIM readily confessed his “sin” and promised to work hard from now on for the people. KIM has wife and child living in MUTAN CHIANG. His successor is unknown. There are normally two Vice-Mayors, but the only one known to PW now is

Vice Mayor (Dec 46 to present)

KU, Hui Kuie (谷회貴)

Manchurian

Age 50

Rumor: KU was a Red Agent and member of underground from way back, so did not get killed when Red CCF Army took over this area from Nationalists.

Poor Man’s Association (貧民會):

To join the Association, one had to be (1) very poor, (2) uneducated, (3) a hired laborer. His history had to be written on a Personal History Statement and then told to a meeting of the Association. Membership into this association come from vote by a raising of hands of majority. A Membership Card was given the new member, and a vice in all future meetings. Approx one half (50,000) of the city was in the Association.

PW was not a member and could not give exact details. The association was broken down into Wards and the Wards were broken down into blocks.

Meetings were not held regularly. The meetings were held in the churches ordinarily, or for a large meeting in the theatre.

The Association was empowered with the privilege of subjecting any person to a “Peoples Trial” and sentencing him to death. Properly taken over from the “Capitalist” was supposed to be divided among the people.

Peoples Trial: Trial was known as the Purge (淸箕). The Poor Man’s Association (貧民會) had the power to subject anyone to this trial. Various sized trials involving a small cell group up to and including a Ward were conducted. The Korean Vice-Mayor KIM, Tong Yol (金東烈) was subjected to this trial by the members of the (西區) West Ward. The sentence including death was passed on at the trial. The trial was simply a group of people surrounding the defendant picked out by the council. No defense attorney was furnished and charges against the defendant could be presented by anyone. No attempts were made to find the truth as the defendant was judged guilty before the trial was started. Not many people dared stand up against a heated crowed and deny his guilt, though physical harm was not inflicted very often.

Civilian Security Unit: (治安隊)

The heads of 10 families were formed into one unit and a crew was chosen each night to stand guard around their home area (usually one block). Number of hours on guard and number of shifts per night depended upon the size of the unit. Each man usually stood guard twice a week. Guard hours were from 2200 to 0500 hours. A spear (metal tipped) was furnished each man. Teachers and pupils stood guard around the schools. Fear of sabotage by the Chinese Nationalists was the reason given by the police for such a program. This program was under direct control of the police.

MUTAN CHIANG Airfield:

Located 3 km SW of main RR station. This field was developed by the Japanese and was used as a Civil airfield at that time. When the Japanese left, they blew everything up. At present, the field is plowed up and planted with millet and KAOLIANG. No structure were noticed here. No other airfield in KUTAN CHIANG.

Former Manchurian Province and City Hall were located north of the MUTAN CHIANG RR Station, but its present disposition is unknown.

Disposition of the huge Military Warehouses and Military facilities found north of the RR tracks were unknown.

Town Plan

MUTAN CHIANG NAKA-MARD (中區) & Vicinity as of Feb 1948 - SEE SKETCH.

See Sketch for location of the numbered points.

1. RR Bureau

Former YAMATO Hotel (ヤマトホテル) 3 story tile bldg.

2. Military Unit Billets

Former International Transportation Co MUTAN CHIANG BR (國際運輸株式會社牡丹江支店). Ash Colored 2-story Brick Bldg.

3. Military Billet

Former Kyodo Printing Co Bldg (共同印刷株式會社).

Chinese Nationalist money was printed here for a while.

3. Former Botanko Theatre (牡丹江劇場).

Bombed out.

4. & 5. Military Billets

Former RR worker quarters (In Naka-Ward)

6. & 37. & 38. Military Billets

Former (Bachelor) Billets for RR Workers. 2 story red brick bldgs.

7. Emancipation Theatre (解放 Gekijo)

Former Army Fall Theatre. 2 story concrete finished Brick Bldg. Mostly Russian and some Chinese movies shown here.

8. Provincial Capital

One-half (W half) of Former Army Hall (軍人會館)

8. Official Billet

One-half (E half) of Army Hall 3-story Tile Bldg.

9. MP Hq (街裁司令部)

Former Japanese Consul Bldg. Ash colored concrete covered brick bldg. 2-story High.

10. Railroad Hotel

Former Manchurian Government’s Employee’s Dept. Store (厚生會).

2-story tile bldg..

11. Military Billets

Former Company Office. Concrete finished brick bldg.. 2-story high.

12. Military Billet

Five bldg. of some company now occupied by military. 2-story concrete finished brick bldg..

13. United Middle School (■合中學校)

Formerly Emmei National Primary School (圓明國民學校).

14. Former Association Hospital (共立病院)

Presently occupied on first floor by civilians. All equipment was destroyed or taken away. Second story blackened by fire.

15. TUNGPEI Bank (東北銀行)

Former KOGYO Bank (興業銀行). 2-story tile bldg.

16. Cotton Cloth Mfg Factory

Former TAKAOKAGO Dept Store Bldg (高岡號). 2- story title bldg.

17. Paper Mfg Plant

Former BOTANKO Hotel (牡丹江ホテル). Ash colored 2-story bldg. Poor grade writing paper was made from old scrap paper.

18. Military Billets

Former Company Office. Ash-colored brick bldg. 2-story covering one half of the block.

19. Military Unit Billets

Former Telephone and Telegraph Co Office MUTAN CHIANG Branch (滿洲電信電話株式會社母江支店). 3-story brick with orange concrete finishing on outside.

20. Telephone and Telegraph Bureau

Same Bldg as before 1945. Two antennas found. 2-story tile bldg.

21. Former BOTANXO Theatre (牡丹江劇場).

The Japanese owner burned this theatre before leaving.

22. Police Hq (公安)

Former CHUO Bank (中央銀行). 2-story tile (Light Tan) bldg.

23. Police Exercising Area

Former ground of Telephone and Telegraph Bureau.

24. Post Office

Same Bldg as before 1945. 2-story tile bldg.

25. Military Unit Billets

Former MANSHU Aircraft Co. (滿洲航空株式會社).

Four story tile bldg. 50m x 30m. Approx 1000 CCF Infantry Troops.

26. Fire Station

Former Fire station at same place.

27. Peoples Press (人民報)

Formerly the MANMO Cotton Wool Cloth Company (滿家線花株式會社) Bldg. 2-story red brick bldg..

28. Holiness Church (聖潔敎會)

Formerly the HOKUBU Church (北部敎會).

29. Broadcasting Station

One Half (E half) of the Meteorological Station.

30. Korean Military Unit

Former Meteorological Station. One half of the ash colored one story bldg.

31. Not identified

32. Emancipation Statue

Built by Communists.

33. Old Russian RR Station

Only thing left is the foundations.

34. Military Unit Billets

Former City People Hq.

35. Military Unit Billets

Former City MP Unit Hq.

36. Military Billets

Formerly MP Qtrs.

37. & 38. (See 6.) Military Billets

Former Bachelor Billets for RR Workers.

2-story red brick bldgs.

39. Hotel

Manchurian Hotel. This was a military billet until late 1947.

2-story red brick structure.

40. Military Billets

Former Manchurian Hotel. 2-story red brick bldg.

41. Military Billets

Formerly YARAKU Spa (有樂溫泉).

42. Former YURAKU Theatre (有樂劇場).

Bldg was bombed out.

43. Former YURAKU Restaurant

44. Manchurian Primary Sch

Formerly SHO KEI National Primary School.

45. Catholic Church (天主敎會)

Formerly the Catholic Church also.

46. People’s Hospital (人民病院)

For Koreans. Formerly KAISHU Hospital (會衆病院) for Koreans. About 50 hospital patients can be taken care of here.

47. National Dept Store

TUNGAN KUNG SSU (東安公司). Formerly a Manchurian Dept Store, 2-story brick (brown) bldg.

48. City Hall

Former TAKAOKAGO Co (高岡號). A trading company bldg. Three-story tile (light tan) bldg. Flew the Chinese Communist Flag.

49. TOAN Theatre (東安劇場)

Formerly known as TOAN Theatre to show Manchurian Movie. Now showing mostly Russian Movies. Cap 3,000, usually 1/3 filled.

50. Methodist Church (監理敎會)

Formerly the NANBU Church (南部敎會).

51. Poor Peoples Association (貧民會)

NISHI Ward Branch. Formerly the Bible school of the Central Church. The NISHI Ward (西區) office was located here also.

52. Presbyterian Church (長老敎會)

Formerly the Central Church (中央敎會).

53. No 1 Primary School (第一國民學校)

Formerly a Manchurian Primary School. Only Manchurian children (boys and girls separate within the school due to over crowding) entered this school.

54. SHIN AN Theatre (新安劇場)

Same name as before but showed only Manchurian Movies as well as plays, formerly. Now showing Russian Language Movies mostly. Cap 3,000.

55. TOHOKU Military Hospital (東北病院)

Formerly JIKEI Hospital (慈惠病院). Many Japanese doctors were here.

56. Korean #1 Primary Sch (朝鮮第一小學校)

Formerly CHOAN National Primary Sch (長安國民學校) for Korean in NISHI Ward. Only Korean children went.

For the Commanding Officer:

SKETCH (A) OF 4 PARTS AS OF FEB 48

SKETCH (B) OF 4 MU-TAN-CH’IANG (HIGASHI WARD) AS OF FEB 48

NISHI WARD (西區) MUTANCH’IANG AS OF FEB 48

SKETCH (D) OF 4 MINAMI WARD, NULAN CH’IANG (南區) AS OF FEB 48