CONFIDENTIAL
Classification
Control: 5/611
Recd: MAY 21, 1960 4 P.M.
FROM: SEOUL
ACTION: DEPARTMENT 1183
INFO: TOKYO 393, CINCPAC/POLAD 260
DATE: MAY 20, 5 P.M.
Ref: DEPTEL 966
Embassy’s understanding Chief Minister HUH Chung’s remarks re possible left-wing strength following new Assembly (reported EMBTEL 1089) was not that such groups would be able gain control government but only that they might, in combination with other elements, be able exert some influence within Assembly. HUH did not imply in this connection that free elections be postponed; in fact he emphasized his determination to insure such elections, as well as to avoid techniques employed in past to deal with left-wing groups. In conversation with Ambassador May 12, HUH stated that on basis Minister Defense personal survey Pusan area it appeared that his (HUH’s) Initial information on situation there had exaggerated seriousness progressive party movement.
Despite growth of non-conservative parties, Embassy does not believe under present circumstances there any possibility they will gain control new National Assembly, although they may well emerge as an influential minority. Embassy’s present estimation is that democrats will be largest bloc and probably majority in new National Assembly, and that some popular Liberals, running as independents, may be re-elected from rural districts.
Political relaxation after years repression has resulted in sudden appearance many “reformist” groups most, but not all, of which hold semi-socialistic tenets. Embassy not aware that any of these have shown Communist or neutralist leanings, however, and their economic theories, which still somewhat fuzzy, less radical than even those held by Western European Socialists.
Reformist preparations for new parties have been largely concentrated Seoul and have resulted in one major and one minor grouping. Preparatory committee for establishment Social Mass Party (formed May 13) is clearly most important and includes most leaders former Progressive Party as well as Working Peoples’ Party and segment of Democratic Reformist Party led by So Sang-Il. (Press generally used title Socialist Masses Party but leaders organization in discussions with Embassy officers have made clear that in choosing name they intended eschew any Socialist title.) Judging from present composition Social Mass Party it appears only slightly left center but So, an ex-member DNP and generally regarded as conservative, may find difficult to work with his new allies. Reformists Brotherhood Association, which still in process formation from various other splinter groups including even such far-flung segments as anarchists, appears considerably to left and much weaker than Social Mase Party.
Other uncommitted politicians who have either not found situations to their liking or who, as in case Yi Pom-Sok and Chang T'Aek-Sang, have been black-balled by Social Mase Party will probably drift into third group which will include political views ranging from extreme right to extreme left but with overriding emphasis upon chauvinistic nationalism. Central elements this group likely be Chon Chin-Han’s Nationalist Democratic Socialist Party and survivors Yi Pom-Sok’s Racial Youth Corps.
While recent reformist political activity concentrated Seoul, strongholds reformist parties likely be in Taegu, Pusan, and other ports and industrial cities. This likely bring them into direct conflict with Democrats who enjoyed urban support during years Liberal dominance at least partially because non-conservative elements were proscribed.
Embassy officer who visited Pusan last week found reformists groups very active. They had no formal party organization or party headquarters but had established association for acceleration solidarity reformists and subordinate committees, apparently in preparation joining Social Mass Party. Leaders this group said that they hoped form political party which could operate on national scale, but would refuse to join forces with such “opportunists” as Yi Pom-Sok and Chang T’Aek-Sang. They stated their aims were to introduce economic controls as means improving living standards, to improve democratic practices in ROK and to maintain close ties with US. They favored constitutional amendment to introduce Cabinet responsibility but argued that present National Assembly had lost popular confidence and was not qualified make such fundamental changes; therefore Assembly should resign at once, there should be new elections, and new Assembly should amend constitution. They particularly criticized democratic party members as taking unfair advantage present situation to seize control National Assembly and compel government follow their dictates.
These views generally similar those expressed by Pak Yi-Chun who was second to Cho Pong-Am in Progressive Party, in earlier conversation with Embassy officers in Seoul. Pak had said, however, that he supported interim ro■■ HUH Chung government and passage constitutional amendment by present National Assembly.
Although leaders seem in Pusan last week were reputedly also previous Progressive Party members it evident that they have some other differences with Pak and they pointedly commented that he was not qualified act as national leader “reformist forces”.
If non-conservative politicians avoid internecine disputes it seems that they might make large gains in Pusan. One of two principal Pusan newspapers, PUSAN ILBO, seems favor their positions. While no indication that labor unions have been yet organized in their support, members of settlement committee now acting as effective leadership large longshoremen’s union commented that members were tired old political parties and wanted new faces.
Conservative elements have not effectively countered the developing drive of reformist parties. Liberal Party is no longer functioning as overt organization in Pusan. Local Democratic organization is, as in Taegu, apparently awaiting instructions from above before recruiting more members or undertaking reorganization.
Furthermore, Democratic Assemblymen seem have blundered in unfounded allegations, subsequently retracted, that recent Pusan demonstrations were Communist directed. This may have put them at disadvantage in future efforts head off reformist parties and certainly illustrates serious view which DP takes of their emergence in Pusan.
MCCONAUGHY
jac
21/1705