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보/고/서

ATIS INTERROGATION REPORT NO. 4393

FIELD REPORT (ADVATIS 0095)　29 October 1950

Better than average intelligence. Cooperated eagerly and expressed desire to be given a chance to join the UN Army in case of war with CHINA.

Born on the Soviet-Manchurian-Korean Border Line and registered in KOREA, Went to the TUNHUA National Primary School (敎化國民相級學校) for Koreans in T’UNHUA (敦化), MANCHURIA.

Parents were engaged in retailing general merchandise here. Received a Manchurian Govt scholarship and attended the CHILIN Teachers School (吉林師範學校). The scholarship included living expenses. Graduated from this school in Dec 42. Approximately 50 pupils graduated at this time, half Koreans and half Manchurians, all male.

Jan 43 – Became 5th grade teacher at age of 15 at the P’ANSHIH National Higher Primary School (磐石國民高級學校), MANCHURIA. Had to serve 3 years at this school in order to fulfil the terms of the scholarship. All teaching was done in Japanese although all his pupils were Koreans.

Aug 45 – After termination of World War Ⅱ, PW was found unsuitable to the new regime and was discharged. Moved his home and lived with his wife’s parents in CHILIN, P’ANSHIH HSIEN, CHINTUICH’U (吉林省 磐石縣 金泰區). Helped with the work of polishing rice here.

10 Aug 48 – Left here alone for KOREA leaving his wife. Able to purchase RR tickets without any travel orders. Reason for leaving MANCHURIA: Would have had to serve in the CCF.

SOCIOLOGICAL:

FANSHIN (42°90’N - 126°00’E)　　　　　　　　　　　Obs: April 48

1945 population: 40-50,000　30% Koreans

05% Japanese

65% Manchurians

1948 population: 35,000 – 40,000 30% Koreans

70% Manchurians

From 1945 to 27 Jul 46, the CCF held this area. Then the Nationalist Army drove them out. On 27 Jul 47, however, the CCF took over again and held control over since.

GOVERNMENT and ADMINISTRATION:

PREFECTURAL HEAD: JU, (fnu) (朱__)　　　　　　　　Obs: Apr 48

Age 35

Nationality: Manchurian

Remarks: Was a Bn CO in CHANG HAK LIANG (張學良). Army (many years ago) when CHANG was ordered by CHIANG KAI SHEK to abandon MANCHURIA to the Japanese. This Army was used by CHIANG KAI SHEK to fight the CCF, but it deserted and joined the CCF 13 years ago at CHENGAN (　　). JU took over in 45, but was chased out by the Nationalists. JU hid in the mountains as a guerrilla but came back in Jul 47 to take over again.

PREFECTURAL POLITICAL SECTION HEAD: (政治委員)

WANG, (fnu) (王__)

Age, 40

Nationality: Chinese

Remarks: Believed to have come in together with the Prefectural Head (JU). Holds almost the same amount of power as JU but in a different field.

LAND REFORMATION ASSOCIATION (土地改革委員長)

Chairman – T’AN CHENG (諢政)

Age – over 40

Nationality – Chinese

One of the very prominent men in MANCHURIA at this time. Was in Communist CHINA during the war. Came to PANSHIN in the winter of 47, during the start of the 2nd Land Reformation to supervise the program in this Prefecture. He brought about 20-30 Manchurians, all young, at his aides.

AGRICULTURAL PEOPLE’S ASSOCIATION (農民會) (Koreans)

Obs: Apr 48

Started in Jun 46, dissolved in Jul 46 (by Nationalists) and organized again in Jul 47. Membership in this organization was limited to those; who had not participated in or helped the Manchurian Govt, did not have property enough to rent it cut, and did not employ anyone.

President: LEE, Chong Taek (李鐘択)

Age – 40

Nationality – Korean

Remarks: Had lived here as a farmer for a long time. Speaks Manchurian, Korean, and Japanese. Had no formal education.

PW was not a member, due to his past history, so does not know exact details. This association had within it the:

YOUNG MEN’S GROUP (靑年團)

WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION (婦人會)

CHILDREN’S GROUP (少年團)

Membership in the above groups was limited to those who had parents who were acceptable.

During the first years the Association was busy conducting “Liquidations” and “All People Trials”.

The Manchurians had their own Association (農民會) which was organized in the same way.

Active leadership of the organization was held by the people of the community, but a group of about 10 members especially sent here from the Political School in YENCHI Democratic School (延吉民主學校) and a few members from the LUNGCHING Army Political College (龍井軍政大學) guided the Association. They were all young active people, especially picked and trained.

ALL PEOPLE’S TRIAL (郡衆大■)　　　　　　　　Obs: Apr 48

Then this trial is conducted, all the people of the city are allowed to come but, only the association members are allowed to voice their opinion. An announcement is made a day or so prior to the holding of this trial. On the appointed day everybody gathers at the open ground. The man being tried is forced to wear ridiculous clothes or a dance cap and sits on the platform. Around him sit the selected members of the Association who guide the trial.

The “crime” committed by the defendant is real off by various people who act as witnesses to the crime, which usually was owning too much land or being a Manchurian Govt official. The defendant is allowed to express his opinion and to defend himself. Opinions of the public are heard at this time also. The selected members on the platform then retire to discuss the verdict and also the penalty. This penalty has to be approved by the Political Head of the Prefectural Capital and it takes a few days for the penalty to be announced. No cases are known of the recommended penalty being vetoed.

Penalties range from a short jail term to death. Those who served as Govt officials, policemen, interpreters, or were large land owners were put to death. Pre-trial investigations were done secretly by the Youth Group of the Association.

The Head of the P’ANSHIH Hospital was executed after his trial as a Japanese collaborator (see TAE HOE).

SCHOOLS:　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Obs: Apr 45

There are five Primary Schools and one Hidden School in PANSHIH.

Two National Higher Primary Schools (國民■級學校) (Manchurian)

National Higher Primary School (Korean)

Girls National Higher Primary School (Manchurian)

Former Japanese Primary School (present disposition u/k)

National Higher School (actually Middle School level) (國民高等學校)

Education is not compulsory but, 70s of the children are exposed to some degree of education. A majority of these will attend long enough to graduate Primary School (6 years). Very few are able to continue their schooling beyond this.

Approximately 14 teachers (Koreans) and one Japanese principal were found at the Korean National Primary School in 45. After the revolution, not one of these was allowed to teach again or taken any responsible position in the community since they were considered “tainted”.

About 400 pupils (boys and girls) were attending school in 45. Less than 200 pupils were attending in 48. This was due to the fact that the “purged” children could not attend and that many were not attending because of the discrimination received in the school for being the children of the enemy of the working class.

Textbooks used were not changed radically in the science and mathematic field but new sets of history and political textbooks were being made up. Korean languages was taught also. Local citizens, of some education, acted as teachers. However, they had to pass the strict examination of the council members of the People Association.

RADIO:　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Obs: Apr 48

No restriction on listening to foreign broadcasts. On a 4-tube radio, TOKYO, S. KOREA, and RUSSIA can be head distinctly. No Manchurian language broadcasts came from RUSSIA. No anti-American broadcasts were heard.

RELIGION:　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Obs: Aug 48

Freedom of religion to a certain extent still existed, but attendance is gradually falling off as the Communist are vigorously conducting undermining activities. Under the leadership of the Peoples association a few of the priests have been tried but let off with light penalties. No vandalism reported. All church properties were confiscated. Religious services are usually attended by only some older people and some young women.

QUARRY:　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Obs: Apr 48

Located 1 km E of P’ANSHIH RR Station. The CH’I CH’I KUTING Mountain (七個頂山) is located here.

The Manchurian Govt had planned to exploit this mountain under a 15 year plan. 1945 was the second year, and a limited amount of grey stone was being quarried. A huge refinery was to be constructed here also. All work ended with the termination of war and no attempts were noted to start again.d

SEKIJOSHI MINES (石哨子磺山)　　　　　　　　　Obs: Apr 48

Located 12 km ENE of the PANG SHIR RR Station. A small town was located here. This area was opened sometime in 1940. Huge refinery under construction here by Manchurian Govt.

Minerals available were mainly iron, cooper, and some bauxite. After 45, the new regime took over, retained the Japanese technicians and, according to hearsay, have managed to maintain limited production.

Two narrow spurs led to this mine from the P’ANSHIH RR Station. Small one-ton lorries were utilized. Ores with greenish and brownish streaks and shiny metals were observed hauled in these carts. This ore was said to be sent south about 40 km to MEIHOKOU (梅海口), MANCHURIA. No details available.

MILITARY BARRACKS:　　　　　　　　　　　　　Obs: Apr 48

Located approximately 700m SSE of the main RR Station. Military barracks of brick, painted white, were found. These barracks were built long ago by the Manchurian Govt. An estimated Regt of Inf was believed billeted here.

No armor or artillery was observed.

TOWN PLAN OF P’AN SHIN AS OF APRIL 1946.

1. Manchurian Sake Distillery.

Taken over by CCF and operated by them.

2. Girls Primary School. – Manchurian

3. Post Office

Same as before. Censorship of letter only to and from other country.

4. Police Station

Formerly a resident of a rich Manchurian.

5. Roman Catholic Church

One German Jesuit Priest.

6. Presbyterian Church (Manchurian)

7. Money Circulating Union (金融組合).

Now a gov’t office of some sort.

8. Prefectural Capital

Formerly the Prefectural Capitol of Manchurian Government.

9. National Dept Store

Former Pawn Shop (Chinese)

10. “TCHOKU” Bank (東北銀行)

Former Central bank (中央銀行)

11. Tel and Tel Bureau

Same as formerly.

12. Former Concordia Society Hq

“KYOWAKAI” (協和會)

Now “TAN SEI” (諢政). THAN CHONG had his office in here 1948. TWANG was head of the LAND REFORMATION PROGRAM.

13. Former GONO JOINT COMPANY (興農合作社)

Presently GONO Bank.

14. CITY CAPITOL (街公所)

Presently a CCF Inducting station.

15. Primary School – Manchurian

16. Buddhist Temple

Only Manchurian here.

17. Military Billets – Company Strength

Former Winter Utilization Union Bldg.

18. Govt Office

Former Business Union Bldg (　　).

19. Primary School – Manchurian.

20. Presbyterian Church (Korean).

21. Military Hospital

Former Prefectural Hosp.

22. Banseki Hosp

Now Korean Volunteer Forces Hospital in this Prefecture.

23. Primary Sch – Korean.

24. Fire Station

Same as formerly. Black uniformed. 3 hand pulled fire carts.

25. Former Police Station

Now billeting policeman who guard the RR station and roads.

26. Manchurian Sake Distillery

Taken over by CCF. Operated by them.

27. Former MP Hq

Now Military Unit Hq.

28. Former Court House

Red Brick, long, low structure. Now housing CCF Forces.

29. Electric Transformer Station.

30. Military Unit.

Steel enforced concrete, 2-story structure.

31. RR Guard Billet

Approximately 30 guards in Military uniform.

32. Primary School

Former Japanese School and probably used by military.

33. Korean People Association Office

34. Movie Theatre

1500 CAPACITY. ￥150-200 for tickets. ½ of movies in Russian. Some Russian movies had Manchurian translation written on the side or bottom. Nearly always filled. New feature every week.

FOR THE COMMANDING OFFICER:

SKETCH 1 P’AN SHIH

SKETCH 2 WALLED CITY OF P’AN SHIH (磐石)