795.00/7-1252: Telegram
The Ambassador in Korea (Muccio) to the Department of State
secret
Pusan, July 12, 1952-7 p.m.
68. Rptd info CINCUNC (for Gen Clark), EUSAK Advance (for Gen Van Fleet), Major Gen Herren DIP 36 by other means.
Initial reaction here to passage constitutional amendment was one of relief on all sides. Relaxation of almost intolerable tension during past month-and-half welcomed by everyone, including even “hardcore” of Rhee’s opposition. Though universally recognized that compromise actually victory for Rhee, most non-Rhee elements reluctantly accepted it as best bargain possible under circumstances, and meanwhile hoped without much conviction that Rhee might be sufficiently mellowed by victory to lift martial law, restore measure of “free atmosphere”, and perhaps make other magnanimous gestures to his chastened opposition.
During first few days after passage amendment opposition as well as “neutral” polit leaders seemed uncertain, bewildered, and inclined take fatalistic view nothing they cld do wld influence course of events, which wld be determined by Rhee and Rhee alone. This fatalism apparently shared by majority non-polit bureaucrats and other articulate groups, many of whom bitter and cynical at Assemblymen for backing down under pressure, and to lesser extent at US-UN for not taking stronger action.
As of today (one week after amendment passed) Rhee seems be making no new moves, as yet to give any public indication he prepared to let by-gones be by-gones. Conciliatory gestures in period immediately before and after passage amendment-abandonment press censorship, coercive public demonstrations, and poster campaign against Assembly and for intervention, conditional releases seven Assemblymen to permit them attend Assembly meetings and return homes and unconditional release three others held without trial-have not been followed up by further moves to test (normalcy) martial law still in effect, with no hint when it will be lifted; conspiracy trial rapidly degenerating into legal farce still continues, and atmosphere, though considerably relaxed, still anything but “free” On other hand Rhee has thus far avoided vindictive reprisals against those who opposed him during struggle of past month-and-half: No new arrests have been made, and the ROKA General Staff, despite its refusal to cooperate in campaign of Pres and his martial law commander, has not been molested.
As for opposition, though cowed and pretty well disorganized at first, it shows signs coming to life to extent of continuing rear-guard action to salvage whatever possible out of defeat. Efforts of opposition as well as polit neutrals appear to be focused on Yi Pom-Sok, who is cordially disliked and distrusted in almost all Korean polit circles and regarded as principal villain of piece. Yi is considered Rhee’s logical choice as running mate and despite his unpopularity it is believed that if he runs on same ticket with Rhee and has backing Liberal Party and Rhee’s own polit apparatus he is certain to be elected. Too early to say whether behind scenes efforts by various individuals to turn Pres against Yi will achieve objective, though Rhee’s disparaging remarks about Yi in recent conversations with me and fact Yi has been put in place several times in Cabinet meetings suggest campaign having measure of success.
Meanwhile within Assembly, where Govt-proposed election bill now under consideration, effort being made to incorporate in it provision requiring all govt officials except Pres, Vice Pres, and members local and provincial councils to resign from office before announcing candidacy for Pres or Vice Pres-a move obviously directed at Home Min Yi. At same time, other group reportedly working to block efforts of three men to gain Cabinet posts as reward for loyal efforts in behalf of Pres.
Best I make of confused situation comes down to something like this. Rhee still holds most of cards, and can play them any way he sees fit. Key to future trend of govt in ROK is calibre of Prime Min selected and status of Yi clique. If good Prime Min emerges and Yi and other more unscrupulous members President’s circle can be removed, prospects reasonably good for progress towards more enlightened, efficient, and durable admin in ROK.
While opposition weakened by defeat and less likely put up stalwart fight than in past, it is far from dead and will probably gradually recover energy. Stories of maneuvers by never-say-die Chough Byong-Ok
註01 and others to form new party embracing DNP and other unspecified oppositionists may introduce new element into picture.
Muccio