795.00/5-2752: Telegram
The Chargé in Korea (Lightner) to the Department of State
secret
niact
Pusan, May 27, 1952-midnight.
1170. Rptd info CINCUNC EUSAK Advance DIP 203. In response to UNCURK invitation
註01 Gen Van Fleet came Pusan this afternoon to discuss polit sitn. I accompanied him to meeting with UNCURK 4 p.m. He informed group neither he nor ROKA Chief of Staff informed or consulted in advance of decision for martial law in Pusan and other areas. He was naturally concerned at use of army for polit purposes and furthermore he had no reason to believe local police force unable cope with sitn. This was his main concern but he appreciated broader polit factors which were disturbing UNCURK and Emb, particularly effect Rhee’s methods wld have on outside world and on UN cause in Korea. Gen indicated that he and army shld support Pres of ROK until latter is proven wrong. There was some discussion at this point on whether or not Rhee had already proven to be in wrong. Was indicated that if one waited too long to [act?] might be faced with
- 註01
- The UNCURK invitation to Van Fleet was extended in the hope that the General would use his great personal influence with Rhee and reinforce the Commission’s own action (telegram 1164 from Pusan, May 26, 1952; 795.00/5-2652).
fait accompli
even more difficult to solve. During course of discussion, UNCURK outlined action already taken and intention follow-up with another call on Pres, probably tomorrow morning. It was arranged that the Gen and I wld call on Pres immed.In mtg with Pres at 6 p.m., Gen Van Fleet stated that Gen Clark had asked him to come to Pusan to speak to Pres about certain factors in sitn here which were of concern to the army. Gen made clear he was not fully informed of details of the polit controversy that was going on, but that he and Gen Clark were concerned lest developments here shld reflect unfavorably on Govt of Korea and that it wld be most unfortunate at this time if anything happened which wld cause the outside world to lose confidence in ROK. He went on to say that in view of his responsibility to safeguard reputation of armed forces and importance of keeping them from being involved in politics, he was also worried with respect to the uses to which they were being put in Pusan under the martial law regime. He said he had not been informed or consulted on necessity for establishing martial law in this area and that as far as he knew the situation did not require intervention of military. He went on to indicate he understood there was also some question about transferring additional ROK troops to the Pusan area and he pointed out that the transfer of any combat troops at this time wld weaken the front and that the enemy might well take advantage of any loopholes thus created. He had informed Gen Lee, whom he understood had been requested come Pusan to see Pres, of this sitn and had advised him that he would not approve any such transfers of combat troops.
Pres Rhee replied that the decision to establish martial law had been taken by cabinet toward end of last week and that when his approval had been requested he had agreed and in fact he had suggested that Pusan be included because of the unsettled conditions in the city due demonstrations in which hundreds, perhaps thousands, of innocent, democratically minded citizens had been injured. By the time matter came his attn it was felt necessary to put martial law into effect without delay and without going through formality of obtaining written orders from Chief of Staff. Pres thereupon telephoned Gen Lee
註02 who agreed that defense minister wld issue decree, Major General Wong Yong-tok wld be appointed martial law commander and wld take orders directly from Pres. However, Pres said martial law in Pusan itself had proved unpopular and that if Gen Van Fleet desired he wld be glad lift it. Gen Van Fleet reiterated he felt this was a good idea. He went on to suggest possibility removing martial law from other area six provinces wherever not necessary in connection with planned anti-guerrilla operations.
No definite commitment was obtained from Pres this point.
Rhee then mentioned he had some news which he knew wld make the Gen unhappy. He said that, unfortunately, word had reached him that Chief of Staff Gen Lee was implicated in the plot against him and that he wld have to be removed. Gen Van Fleet expressed incredulity at this because he was convinced, as result long association Gen Lee, that Gen Lee’s principal interest in life is in building up ROK and that he was sure Gen Lee completely loyal to Korea and Pres Rhee. Furthermore, it was almost an obsession with Lee to remain aloof from internal politics, a principle he had tried to inculcate throughout the ROKA. Rhee held out some papers, which he said were messages from Gen Lee to Gen Won and other officers, in effect countermanding oral understanding made with Pres last week and ordering the martial law commander to take no action except under instrs from himself. Gen Lee is expected Pusan in morning but Rhee seemed to have already made up his mind to fire him. Gen Van Fleet asked that Gen Lee be given chance to answer these charges which he (Gen Van Fleet) was most hopeful would be answered satisfactorily. However, in event the Pres was convinced that change must be made, Gen Van Fleet pointed out the necessity of obtaining very best man available to take his place. After some discussion of candidates, Gen Van Fleet said he felt best man would probably be Gen Paek Sun-Yop, altho it would be a loss to take the best fighting general away from the Third Corps.
I referred to Gen Van Fleet’s remarks with respect to the unfortunate effect which current actions against Natl Assembly were bound to have abroad.
Rhee said he was aware many of his enemies were circulating many lies re issues at stake. Facts were that group of gangsters had obtained majority in Natl Assembly, many bribed with funds through traitorous connections with Korea’s enemies, and in cahoots with anti-Natl DNP they had determined to seize govt. They already had plans for electing their own gangster president and had agreed on their future cabinet. Masses of evidence had been available to him for long time which proved beyond doubt that these men were traitors. Up to now he had hesitated to crack down on them because he had hoped to prevent them from gaining their goal without drastic action. He realized that necessity for such action now to save Korea and the democratic cause would subject him to criticism that he was doing it to assure his own election as Pres. However, he assured us this was not the case, that Korea’s future was at stake and he, not the Assemblymen, was the champion of democracy in Korea.
I commented Embassy was not interested whether Assembly had been right or wrong in its position re amendments to constitution and other controversial issues but that no matter what the justification might be for the course that the President was pursuing, I could assure him that the impression on the outside world would boil down to few simple facts: That the executive was preventing the democratically elected legislature from meeting; that his political opponents in the Assembly were being arrested; and, in short, that drastic police measures were being taken to prevent the legislature of the country from proceeding with its business. I said that the peoples and govts of the democratic countries abroad, including especially the US, would see this picture and this picture only and I was alarmed at the thought of what repercussions might be and the effects they might have on future economic and military aid to Korea. The repercussions in Communist countries and in other countries of Asia were also important considerations.
The President began to get hot under the collar. He reiterated some of the points already made and likened the Natl Assembly to a legislature in which gangsters had obtained control and passed a law legalizing murder. He asked what should people of that country do in such sitn. (The group now controlling the Natl Assembly he was convinced were in this category and the nations of the world should appreciate this and rally to his cause which was the just and democratic cause.) He did not have to rely on the military or the police because he had the people with him as we well knew and the people through him would triumph. If the nations of the world, through faulty info they probably recd, should criticize him he would pay no attn because he knew he was right. He would proceed with his just purposes regardless of outside pressures. Given two months we could be sure sitn would be well in hand, order would be restored and no one would have any cause for worry.
I asked him if at the end of 2 months we wld have democratic govt in Korea. He sputtered at this, asking what I meant and I asked whether the govt wld include a duly elected Natl Assembly free to conduct its business without interference. The President, with considerable vehemence stated that of course there wld be such an Assembly, that during the 2 months the principal traitors in the Assembly wld all be arrested and put out of the way (they wld of course be given fair trials open to the public), and that their places wld be taken by individuals who wld truly represent the people who wld put them in office thru democratic by-elections. On this note the interview ended.
Following is Embassy’s appraisal present situation:
1. Lifting of martial law Pusan area, if carried out, will accomplish positive result in removing stigma from Army of complicity in political maneuvering. On other hand it will not prevent further high handed actions, since President can use police who are now in “gentle” hands Yi Pom-Sok. Also wld provide excuse for resuming demonstrations which temporarily abandoned during martial law phase, with possibility mob violence.
2. No doubt Rhee has large popular following including inarticulate masses. On other hand most intellectuals, businessmen, and increasing numbers govt officials, army officers and other educated groups comprising potential leadership ROK wld welcome change govt. However, except for embattled Assemblymen and two newspapers, few of these elements willing take positive stand under present circumstances.
3. Believe Rhee sincerely convinced own mind group opposing govt are rascals and that he himself is only one who can prevent them from gaining power. He associates perpetuation himself in power with country’s welfare.
4. Rhee is therefore determined at all costs rid himself of enemies and return himself to power. He appears willing to face criticism from abroad, despite fact he has in past been sensitive to world opinion. He also seems to be banking on fact US and UN will not intervene in manner sufficiently strong to divert him from his course.
5. Believe further informal representations such as made by UNCURK, Gen Van Fleet and Emb will be ineffective. Stronger action now seems required.
Lightner